Direct & Indirect

DIRECT AND INDIRECT

(KALIMAT LANGSUNG & TIDAK LANGSUNG)

Kalimat langsung biasanya dipergunakan dalam percakapan atau dialog antar subjek pembicara. Sebaliknya, kalimat tidak langsung merupakan laporan dari kalimat langsung yang dibicarakan oleh para subjek.

Ada 3 tipe kalimat :

1.      Command/imperative (kalimat perintah)

Command is someone ask you to do something.

(+) positive command in the indirect you’ve add TO

(-)negative command in the indirect you’ve add NOT TO

Examples :

·         Direct        : (+) “Give me your candy”she asked me

Indirect      : she asked me to give her my candy

·         Direct        : (-) she ordered me “Don’t be lazy!”

Indirect      : she ordered me not to be lazy

2.      Statement (pernyataan)

                    Direct                                           |                      Indirect

            Present Tense                                     |                      Past Tense

            Present Perfect Tense                         |                      Past Perfect Tense

            Past Tense                                           |                      Past Perfect Tense

            Present Continous                               |                      Past Continous

     ______________________________________________________________________________

                        Direct                                                         Indirect                                                          

·               Modal Present                              |                  Modal Past

Can, may, have to, shall, will                   | S + could/might/had to/should/would

Ex : mira said “I can speak English well” | ex : mira said that I could speak English well              

·         Modal Past                                                     |      Modal past perfect

Ex : he said I would go home                   |      S + modal + have + v3

                                                                        Ex: he said that he would have gone home

-Kata ganti       :

Direct              |                      Indirect

    I                    |          He / She

  My                 |          His / Her

 Mine               |          His / Hers

 Me                  |          Him / Her

 You(subject)   |          I/He/She/Me/Him/Her/Them

 You(object)     |          Me

 Your                |          My

 Yours              |          Mine

 We                  |          They

 Our                 |          Their

 Ours               |          Theirs

 Us                   |          Them

      -Adverb Of Time          :

Direct              |                      Indirect

Now                 |          At that time / Then

Today              |          At that day

Tonight            |          At that night

Tomorrow       |          The next day / The day after

Next week       |          The week after / The following week

Last week        |          The week before / The previous week

Yesterday        |          The day before

2 days ago       |          The days before

Here                |          There

This                  |          That

These               |          Those

Last year         |          The year before

Last night        |          The night before

3.      Question (pertanyaan)

-          Pertanyaan dengan kata kerja bantu , ditambah IF/Whether ( Do, does, did, is, am, are, was, were, shall, will, can, must, may)

·         Is / am / are          : berubah jadi was / were

·         Was / were           : berubah jadi had been

·         Do / did / does      : tidak ditulis lagi

·         Can / will / must / may / shall      : could / would / had to / might / should

Ex :

D : he asked mia “do you really love me ?” (present)

I   : he asked mia if she really loved him (past tense)

Ex :

D  : he asked “will you lend me your money?”

I    : hw asked if I would lent him my money

-          Kalau di depan kalimat terdapat kata tanya 8W + 1H (what,where,why,who,when,how) , maka ditulis lagi kata tanya nya.

Ex  : 

D   : She asked “where are you know ?”

I     : She asked where I was at that time

Ex  :

D   : She asked me “where did you buy the book?”

       I    : She asked me where I had bought the book

Sumber            : Mr. John Yudhiono Townsend

                          Ms. Milla Anita